Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and can also be transmitted through contact with infected skin sores. The bacteria produces a toxin that can cause a thick, grey membrane to form at the back of the throat, which may obstruct breathing. In some cases, the toxin enters the bloodstream and damages the heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Diphtheria is most prevalent in areas with low vaccination coverage, particularly in parts of South Asia, Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and some regions of South America. Travellers who have close contact with local populations, live or work in areas with poor healthcare infrastructure, or who are not up to date with their vaccinations are at the greatest risk of exposure.

Symptoms

Symptoms of diphtheria typically appear two to five days after infection and can progress rapidly. Early signs include a sore throat, mild fever, and general weakness. As the infection develops, a distinctive thick grey or white membrane may form across the tonsils and throat, making it difficult to swallow or breathe. Swelling of the neck, sometimes referred to as a “bull neck,” can occur as lymph nodes become enlarged. In more severe cases, the bacterial toxin can spread through the body, causing inflammation of the heart muscle, nerve damage leading to paralysis, and kidney complications. Without prompt medical treatment, diphtheria can be fatal. Even with treatment, recovery can be lengthy, and some patients may experience lasting complications. Early recognition of symptoms and immediate medical attention are critical to improving outcomes.

Vaccination

Vaccination is the most effective way to protect against diphtheria, and most people in the UK will have received the diphtheria vaccine as part of their routine childhood immunisation programme. However, immunity can wane over time, and a booster dose is recommended for travellers visiting countries where diphtheria remains a risk, particularly if it has been more than ten years since their last dose. The diphtheria vaccine is not given on its own in the UK; it is combined with protection against tetanus and polio in a single injection, commonly known as the Td/IPV booster. This makes it a convenient and practical option for travellers who need to ensure their protection is up to date across all three diseases. A travel health consultation at Market Harborough Travel Clinic will include a review of your vaccination history, allowing us to advise whether a booster is needed ahead of your trip.

Book Now

Book your appointment with us today to receive your diphtheria vaccine and other essential travel vaccinations. Let us help you travel with confidence and peace of mind.