Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious viral infection that affects the liver, caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is transmitted primarily through the faecal-oral route, meaning it spreads when a person ingests food or water that has been contaminated with the faeces of an infected individual. Eating raw or undercooked shellfish, unwashed fruit and vegetables, and drinking untreated water are among the most common ways travellers become infected. The virus can also spread through close personal contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A is found worldwide but is most prevalent in countries with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water, including many destinations in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Central America, and parts of the Middle East. Unlike Hepatitis B and C, Hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease, but the acute illness can be severe and debilitating, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing liver conditions.

Symptoms

Symptoms of Hepatitis A typically appear two to six weeks after exposure and can vary considerably in severity. Initial symptoms often resemble those of flu, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and a mild fever. As the illness progresses, jaundice may develop, causing the skin and whites of the eyes to turn yellow, alongside dark urine and pale stools. Loss of appetite and intense fatigue are common and can persist for several weeks, significantly disrupting travel plans and daily life. Most people recover fully within a few months, but in some cases, particularly in older adults or those with underlying health conditions, the illness can be prolonged and require hospitalisation. In rare instances, Hepatitis A can lead to acute liver failure, which can be life-threatening. There is no specific antiviral treatment for Hepatitis A, so prevention through vaccination remains the most effective course of action.

Vaccination

The Hepatitis A vaccine is one of the most commonly recommended travel vaccinations and offers excellent protection against the virus. It is given as two doses: an initial injection followed by a booster six to twelve months later. A single dose provides protection for approximately one year, while the two-dose course is thought to offer immunity for up to twenty-five years in most people. The vaccine is highly effective, with protection beginning around two weeks after the first dose, so it is important to plan ahead and visit us at least two weeks before travel. For those who have not had time to complete the full course before departure, even a single dose offers significant protection. A combined Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B vaccine is also available for those who require protection against both infections, which can be a convenient option for frequent travellers. At Market Harborough Travel Clinic, we will assess your individual risk and travel itinerary to advise on the most appropriate vaccination schedule for you.

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